Urban migration by African-Americans, combined with the emergence of radical black intellectuals, such as W.E.B Du Bois, Alain Leroy Locke and Marcus Garvey, all helped to create an environment in 1920's Harlem that nurtured the evolution and growth of the Harlem Renaissance. This period helped to create the poetry of Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Houston, while also developing the talents of painters such as William H. Johnson and Jacob Lawrence.